What is Face?
Watch the interview with Stella Ting-Toomey on the concept of face.
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Using your knowledge of cultural dimensions and negotiation strategies, take this tutorial on face. First, some definitions. Face is a critical concept in interpersonal and intergroup communication. It is even more significant in conflict, especially intercultural conflict and negotiation. Face is “about identity respect and other-identity consideration issues” either within or outside the actual encounter. It is related to our emotional attachment to our “social self-worth and the social self-worth of others.” It is our social “face” that we present in any interpersonal or intergroup interaction. Face threat or face loss occurs when someone else violates our expectations about respect for our identity. Facework involves the linguistic and paralinguistic behaviors we used to maintain or repair face threat or face loss. (Ting-Toomey, 2005) Let’s look at the conflict styles and facework strategies that can be used to maintain or repair face.
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You have reached 0 of 0 points, (0) If you have finished the tutorial with a score of 80% or above, go on to the next task. You can retake the tutorial as many times as you like. Category: Face Orientations and Cultural Dimensions Using what you have learned and your own common sense, match the terms to their definitions. The concepts of face and facework are universal in communication across cultures. However, as we learned in Part 2 of this module, negotiators enter the process with a particular “frame” through which they interpret the negotiation purpose, goals, issues, problems, interests, etc. Included in this frame are the cultural dimensions we learned about in Part 1, particularly individualism/collectivism and power distance. Using your knowledge about the Hofstede cultural dimensions, match the cultural dimension to the type of facework likely to take place. An American mid-level diplomat attends a formal reception at the residence of Zhan Wei, the Chinese Ambassador. He has met the Ambassador before and wants to create a cordial atmosphere. Upon arrival, he greets the Ambassador with a handshake and a slap on the shoulder, saying, “Hello, Zhang! How are you this evening?” This is an example of what kind of facework? Horizontal involves minimizing the respect-deference distance; the mid-level diplomat was overly familiar with the ambassador and minimized the need for respect and deference. Horizontal involves minimizing the respect-deference distance; the mid-level diplomat was overly familiar with the ambassador and minimized the need for respect and deference. A senior level American diplomat attends a reception at the Korean Embassy. He has not met the Ambassador and wants to make a good impression. Upon meeting the Ambassador, he holds out his business card with both hands and bows, saying, “Good Evening Mr. Ambassador, it’s a pleasure to be invited here tonight.” This interaction is an example of what kind of facework? Vertical involves maximizing respect-deference distance; even though the senior diplomat was of high level, she maximized the display of deference to show respect. Vertical involves maximizing respect-deference distance; even though the senior diplomat was of high level, she maximized the display of deference to show respect. Another frame in negotiation consists of three factors that influence facework: content, relational, and individual. Match each factor to its description: Of the three factors—content, relational and individual—which is most directly linked to face saving and face honoring issues? Fill in the blank with one of the choices below. In negotiation, the structure of the process itself creates a _____________ face interaction, as the different sides have claims to territories, personal preserves, certain rights. The structure of the conflict as well as the turn-taking and requesting behaviors in negotiation hinder freedom of action and freedom of imposition. Fill in the blank with one of the choices below. Because of the negative self-face and face threat inherent in conflict negotiation, negotiators need to make moves to create a ____________ face interaction by showing respect and honoring the other’s self image. This graph shows different approaches to negotiation on the axes of “assertiveness” or competitiveness and “cooperativeness” or collaborativeness. As we have discussed, from a Western perspective, compromising and accommodating can be seen as weak negotiation style, but the differences in approach are related to the negotiators’ face orientation. With this in mind, match the following:Face Orientations and Cultural Dimensions
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From: Ting-Toomey, S. (2005).
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When interacting with others in negotiation, we may choose different face movements, depending on whether we want to “maintain, defend, and/or upgrade self-face or other-face.” Interaction strategies involve high-context and low-context communications as well as conflict styles in negotiation (dominating, avoiding, integrating, etc.).
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You have reached 0 of 0 points, (0) If you have finished the tutorial with a score of 80% or above, go on to the next task. You can retake the tutorial as many times as you like. There are four conflict movement options when choosing to maintain or defend or upgrade self-face versus other-face. With your knowledge from this module, match the following. Match the dialogue from a negotiation scenario with the type of face move. When engaged in facework, negotiators use either low-context or high-context strategies to maintain, defend, or upgrade the face of the other side. Match the context to its features. Match the dialogue from a negotiation scenario with the type of interaction strategy. (Note that one–upmanship is the art or practice of successively outdoing a competitor. One downmanship is the practice of outdoing an opponent in a negative way, for example by performing less well than an inferior player or team.) Complete the following using these words in the appropriate blanks: Preventive facework is used to thwart a face threatening or face loss situation before it occurs. Match the following preventive strategies to their descriptions. Preventive facework is used to thwart a face threatening or face loss situation before it occurs. Match the following preventive strategies to their examples. Restorative facework is used after a face loss or face threat event to repair the damage and restore the relationship. Match the following restorative strategies to their descriptions. Match the following restorative strategies to their examples.Face Movements and Interaction Strategies
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(Ting-Toomey (2005). The matrix of face: An updated face-negotiation theory. In Gudyhunst (Ed.) (2005), Theorizing about Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks: Sage. pp 71-92.)
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More Facework: Group Graded Assignment
1. Read this page on Repairing Communication Breakdowns
2. Go through this Apologies Lesson presentation on intercultural issues with making apologies. Discuss together how you would deal with the scenarios given in the presentation. Then do the group assignment at the end.
Reference this page:
Ting-Toomey, S. (2005). The matrix of face: An updated face-negotiation theory. In W. Gudyhunst (Ed.) (2005). Theorizing about Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks: Sage. pp. 71-92.
